v Programming Tools for interactive systems provide :
- a means of effectively translating abstract designs and usability principles into an executable form
- different level of services for the programmer
v Windowing Systems :
- central environment for the programmer and the user
- allowing a single workstation to support separate user-system threads of action simultaneously
v Interaction Toolkits :
- allowing the programmer to describe behaviours of objects at a level similar to how the user perceives them
v User Interface Management Systems (UIMS) :
- the final level of programming support tools
- allowing the designer and the programmer to contraol the relationship between the presentation objects of a toolkit with their functional semantics in the actual application
Elements of Windowing Systems
Two features :
Ø Device Independence àkonsep abstract terminal
Ø Resource Sharing à multiple application control
Abstract Terminal :
Ø makes the programming task easier
Ø makes portability of application programs possible
Device Driver (translation program) :
Øneeds to be written for a particular hardware device and then any application program can access it.
Example of Abstract Terminal :
Ø Pixels
Ø Graphical Kernel System (GKS)
Ø Programmer’s Hierarchical Interface to Graphics (PHIGS)
Ø PostScript
Programming The Application
Ø Programming Paradigm :
a. Read-Evaluation Loop
b. Notification Based
User Interface Management Systems (UIMS)
The main concerns of a UIMS :
· A conceptual architecture for the structure of an interactive system which concentrates on a separation between application semantics and presentation
· Techniques for implementing a separated application and presentation
· Support techniques for managing, implementing and evaluating a run time interaction environment
The Logical Components of a UIMS :
· Presentation
· Dialogue control
· Application interface
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